analyse strategies for responding to individuals in a helping relationship dissertation

The Strengths of Focusing on a Client Issue. According to Rogers (1957) a central key to self-generated rehabilitation of psychological problems and a healthy personality development is hidden in the sufficient conditions of personality change. ), to help draw some conclusions from the data. The level of significance of a statistical result is the level of confidence you can have in the answer you get. How to write methodology dissertation sample for essay about city of london. In this section, we’ll examine how to do just that. Thus, if data analysis finds that the independent variable (the intervention) influenced the dependent variable at the .05 level of significance, it means there’s a 95% probability or likelihood that your program or intervention had the desired effect. The level of significance is built into the statistical formulas: once you get a mathematical result, a table (or the software you’re using) will tell you the level of significance. Rogers, C.R. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Project MATCH Monograph Series, 2. Psychological Counselling (2nd ed.). 2.1.1. Quantitative data is usually subjected to statistical procedures such as calculating the mean or average number of times an event or behavior occurs (per day, month, year). Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a university student. Learn more. They are not being deterred from using their individual authority as they activate it in order to help clients to have their own authority in their life. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behaviour. Correlations may also indicate patterns in your data, or may lead to an unexpected way of looking at the issue you’re addressing. It may also show you patterns – in behavior, physical or social environment, or other factors – that the numbers in your quantitative data don’t, and occasionally even identify variables that researchers weren’t aware of. Basing on this concept, treatment providers in general, and counsellors in particular, should reflect to their clients that they believe in the clients’ abilities to use their resources in an effective way, as the clients themselves are responsible to their thoughts, feelings, attitudes and behaviour. Charts and Graphs to Communicate Research Findings, from the Model Systems Knowledge Translation Center (MSKTC), will provide guidance on which chart types are best suited for which types of data and for which purposes, shows examples of preferred practices and practical tips for each chart type, and provides cautions and examples of misuse and poor use of each chart type and how to make corrections. You have to keep up the process to ensure that you’re doing the best work you can and encouraging changes in individuals, systems, and policies that make for a better and healthier community. Generally, researchers don’t consider a result significant unless it shows at least a 95% certainty that it’s correct (called the .05 level of significance, since there’s a 5% chance that it’s wrong). If that’s not the case, you have some choices: Who should actually collect and analyze data also depends on the form of your evaluation. In a pleasant environment, clients can handle with their thoughts and behaviour in their individual way and with respect to their mental condition, even though they may be sometimes distorted or denied by them. There are two kinds of data you’re apt to be working with, although not all evaluations will necessarily include both. (The word “may” is important here. If your analysis shows that your program is ineffective or negative, however – or, for that matter, if a positive analysis leaves you wondering how to make your successful efforts still more successful – interpretation becomes more complex. 2.1. Business, Government and society. Even where complicated statistical procedures are necessary, participants and/or community members might be involved in sorting out what those results actually mean once the math is done and the results are in. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. New York, NY: SAGE. Using silences also reflects to the client that he or she is being listened to and that his or her shared feelings and thoughts are being carefully regarded. New York: Guilford Press. As far as data collection goes, the “when” part of this question is relatively simple: data collection should start no later than when you begin your work – or before you begin in order to establish a baseline or starting point – and continue throughout. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9: 277-295. An informal evaluation will involve some data gathering and analysis. Reference this. (1951). Gilligan, C. (1982). Essentially, collecting data means putting your design for collecting information into operation. Another way analysis can be accomplished is by professionals or other trained individuals, depending upon the nature of the data to be analyzed, the methods of analysis, and the level of sophistication aimed at in the conclusions. Gathering together information from all sources and observations, Making photocopies of all recording forms, records, audio or video recordings, and any other collected materials, to guard against loss, accidental erasure, or other problems, Entering narratives, numbers, and other information into a computer program, where they can be arranged and/or worked on in various ways. Which of these approaches you take depends on your research purposes. to remain available. Both approaches are legitimate, but ongoing data collection and review can particularly lead to improvements in your work. Registered office: Venture House, Cross Street, Arnold, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG5 7PJ. Qualitative data can sometimes be changed into numbers, usually by counting the number of times specific things occur in the course of observations or interviews, or by assigning numbers or ratings to dimensions (e.g., importance, satisfaction, ease of use). The Weaknesses of Showing a Lack of Respect. Correlation between variables doesn’t tell you that one necessarily causes the other, but simply that changes in one have a relationship to changes in the other. In previous sections of this chapter, we’ve discussed studying the issue, deciding on a research design, and creating an observational system for gathering information for your evaluation. And they can identify relationships among different variables, which may or may not mean that one causes another. The .05 level is generally considered a reasonable result, and the .01 level (99% probability) is considered about as close to certainty as you are likely to get. Finally, another important aspect that should be regarded in the counselling process as well as in other treatment processes is the ethic of care. It is often helpful to collect both quantitative and qualitative information. This is not an example of the work produced by our Essay Writing Service. Becker (Eds.). Using positive verbal encourages such as “yes” and “ok” during the counselling process can reflect the client that the counsellor believes in his or her ability to succeed in handling with his or her current condition and in progressing in the rehabilitation process. Use what you’ve learned to continue to evaluate what you do by collecting and analyzing data, and continually improve your program. Paraphrasing has been regarded in professional literature as an influential reaction that contributes greatly to the process’ progress. Quantitative analysis is considered to be objective – without any human bias attached to it – because it depends on the comparison of numbers according to mathematical computations. Helping People Change. Analysis of qualitative data is generally accomplished by methods more subjective – dependent on people’s opinions, knowledge, assumptions, and inferences (and therefore biases) – than that of quantitative data. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. The evolution of rational-emotive therapy (RET) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT). (2014). You can use the information you’ve gained to adjust and improve your program or intervention, evaluate it again, and use that information to adjust and improve it further, for as long as it runs. Interpersonal Therapy has focused on the interpersonal relationships of the client, assuming that psychological problems can be treated by changing and improving patterns of relationships and communication. You’ve decided how you’re going to get information – whether by direct observation, interviews, surveys, experiments and testing, or other methods – and now you and/or other observers have to implement your plan. There’s a bit more to collecting data, however. Researchers can count the number of times an event is documented in interviews or records, for instance, or assign numbers to the levels of intensity of an observed event or behavior. Again, these results won’t be as reliable as if the comparison were made using statistical procedures, but they can point you in the right direction. It means that there’s only a 5% possibility that it isn’t actually what’s influencing the dependent variable(s) and causing the changes that it seems to be associated with. Categories and subsequent list of dissertation titles . This booklet contains examples of commonly used methods, as well as a toolkit on using mixed methods in evaluation. The Carl Rogers Reader. Vogt, W.P., Vogt, E.R., Gardner, D.C., & Haeffele, L.M. In: J.K. Zeig (Ed.). Relationship marketing is a form of marketing that focuses on long term goals such as building customer loyalty and increasing customer retention. Using summaries, or in other words, statements that draw together and review the essence of significant client’s expressions can condense and reflect important thoughts, beliefs, values and feelings that the client has expressed, and several cases explored, during the counselling process. A number may tell you how well a student did on a test; the look on her face after seeing her grade, however, may tell you even more about the effect of that result on her. It combines indicators in three fundamental areas - health, knowledge, and standard of living - into a single number that falls on a scale from 0 to 10, and is presented on an easy-to-navigate interactive map of the United States. How you do this depends on what you’re planning to do with it, and on what you’re interested in. The site provides a simple explanation of qualitative data with a step-by-step process to collecting and analyzing data. Finally, I would like to acknowledge Mark L. Spearman, Ph.D. for his ability to help me see the data, so that I could eventually write about it. Creswell, J.W. Furthermore, closed questions often include the answer in their patterns, can usually be answered in a few words, and more demanding an answer rather than inviting one. Measuring and evaluating whether or not there is a causal relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate financial performance. Where one person might see a change in program he considers important another may omit it due to perceived unimportance. You can collect the data and then send it off to someone – a university program, a friendly statistician or researcher, or someone you hire – to process it for you. The Benefits of Using Silences in the Relationship. Once you have organized your data, both statistical results and anything that can’t be analyzed statistically need to be analyzed logically. In: H. Kirschenbaum and L. Henderson (Eds.). Counsellors’ attitudes and reaction can assist their clients to make a significant change in the thoughts as well as behaviour. The Encyclopaedia of Ethics (2nd ed.). Using silences in the relationship allows both the counsellor and the client to get closer, to share feelings and thoughts, or in a different way, to be aware of distances and gaps that may occur in the process. Provided by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this HRSA Toolkit offers advice on successfully collecting and analyzing data. It is also significant to note that reflecting expressions in the relationships has been regarded as a similar psychological technique to paraphrasing although it includes emotional aspects beyond cognitional elements that are used in paraphrasing. A very high correlation between, for instance, the use of a particular medication and the onset of depression might lead to the withdrawal of that medication, or at least a study of its side effects, and increased awareness and caution among doctors who prescribe it. Longest, K.C. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 4th edition. Relationship Marketing Dissertation Topics. An independent variable (the intervention) is a condition implemented by the researcher or community to see if it will create change and improvement. The aim to facilitate clients to progress in exploration process has been greatly based on the concept that through connecting with vital healthy cores and by changing feelings, thoughts and behaviour in an individual way, the client can progress in the healing process and to fulfil his or her human potential. Miles, M.B., Huberman, A.M., & Saldana, J. Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People to Change Addictive Behaviour. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License. The usage of congruence in the counselling process has been based on the concept that counsellors who behave in this manner encourage their clients to share their thoughts and experiences conveniently, moving towards feelings of unconditional respect and acceptance. Basing on several major psychological approaches such as the Cognitive Behaviour Change theory, clients in therapeutic treatments are required to monitor their feelings, thinking and interacting both with themselves and with others, as they are encouraged to make changes in the “scripted nature” of their behaviour (Meichenbaum, 1986). The Community Tool Box is a service of the. London: Pandora. Miller and Rollnick (1991) have added that motivational techniques and strategies that focus on the client in the process and his or her immediate environment can lead to effective results. Monsour (1992) has added that during the process the counsellor provides an unconditional support, which has been regarded as one aspect of an intimate relationship. The Benefits of Using Silences in the Relationship. The frequency (rate, duration) of specific behaviors or conditions, Test scores (e.g., scores/levels of knowledge, skill, etc. A dependent variable could be a behavior, outcome, or other condition. Selecting the right analyses for your data: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. You can collect and rely largely on qualitative data. Then analyze their relationship marketing strategies. It may mean comparing your information to that from other groups (a control or comparison group, statewide figures, etc. If your control is properly structured, you can draw some fairly reliable conclusions simply by comparing its results to those of your intervention group. Bazeley, P. (2013). Furthermore, the numbers say nothing about why people reported the way they did. Collecting and Using Archival Data, Charts and Graphs to Communicate Research Findings, Center for Community Health and Development. (There’s a great deal of software – both for sale and free or open-source – available to help you.). Regardless of what method you decide to use, recording should be done concurrent with data collection if possible, or soon afterwards, so that nothing gets lost and memory doesn’t fade. What the researcher chooses to measure, the accuracy of the observations, and the way the research is structured to ask only particular questions can all influence the results, as can the researcher’s understanding and interpretation of the subsequent analyses. This could be a program, method, system, or other action. You can view samples of our professional work here. Quantitative data are typically collected directly as numbers. (1990). Economics Dissertation Topic 1: Impact of Competition on the NPO’s Expenditure Patterns BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY: The Non-Profit organization (NPOs) is a tax exempted firm that aims to serve the well being of the common people. 2.0. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! The challenges of translating qualitative into quantitative data have to do with the human factor. Nursing ethics. These approaches have emphasised the main purpose of the counselling process as a psychological treatment that aims to aid the client to expose and to classify distorted patterns of thinking and beliefs and to learn new realistic ways to interpret personal experiences. Goldstein (Eds.). 10th Jan 2018 Ellis, A. In: W.R. Miller and S. Rollnick (Eds.). The current essay has reviewed significant strategies that can contribute to the effectiveness of counselling interventions such as using REBT Challenges, focusing on a client issue, and creating a positive environment of respect and honesty. In contrast to open questions that allow the client to broaden his or her cognitive field, encouragement to explore his or her thoughts, beliefs, values and feelings and the relationship with his or her counsellor, closed questions eliminate and limit the client’s ability to use these crucial psychological strategies and tools. Brown, M. & Hale, K. (2014). Help you. ) might see a Change in program he considers important another may omit analyse strategies for responding to individuals in a helping relationship dissertation to... Write methodology dissertation sample for essay about city of london Interviewing: People. An influential reaction that contributes greatly to the process ’ progress M. &,. This section, we ’ ll examine how to write methodology dissertation sample essay. For your data: quantitative, qualitative, and on what you ’ re planning to do it... Need assistance with writing your essay, our professional work here Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 States! 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