journal of writing studies dissertation

What is the underlying method, idea, or theory that the application represents? This study reports on an attempt to understand and describe patterns of source use across disciplines, genres and levels of participation through systematic verbal data analysis of documents produced by sixteen participants in expert/novice pairs (faculty advisor/doctoral advisee) from four disciplines (Computer Science, Chemical Engineering, Materials Science Engineering and Humanities and Social Sciences). Effective writing incorporates instantiations of particular text structures-rhetorical moves-that communicate intent to the reader. Chapters 4 to n −2 then lay out the subtopics or components that demonstrate the utility of the innovative contribution. Everyone in both the basic research environment and applied settings will benefit when the scientific base for informatics is strengthened. Most important, the more students apply the proposed rigorous approach to dissertation preparation and writing, the more graduates will understand and continue to contribute to the scientific base of the biomedical informatics discipline. Interestingly, a smaller percentage of students in the LD group (72%) than NLD group (91%) used the available time for writing. All rights reserved. Yet students often claim that they are given very little guidance about the process, especially with regard to the actual writing, format, and content of the formal document. The "interaction hypothesis" was not supported, in that the use of a word processor as a writing accommodation did not provide a differential boost to students with LD. Furthermore, informatics is, by its nature, motivated by applications and by the needs of the world of biomedicine. ISBN-10: 0415810965, Review Alamargot, D., Terrier, P., & Cellier, J.M. The corresponding diagram for a dissertation that is focused more on social science methods would be different but ideally would still capture the logical flow of the work and how the subsequent chapters relate to the total effort. Most students in each group preferred the WP format. (2013). Brooklyn, NY: Roosenfeld Media | ISBN 1-933820-24-1, Book Review: Beard, R., Myhill, D., Riley, J., & Nystrand, M. The best predictor of essay quality was essay length regardless of writing format. The nature of this chapter can vary widely depending on the type of work. We find that our computational method shows promise for reliably detecting and classifying citation moves similar to the results achieved by qualitative researchers coding by hand as done by Karatsolis (this issue). Skillful writers have a high level of metacognitive strategy knowledge (MSK) and use strategies effectively. Book review Shermis, M.D. Further, the findings demonstrated external validity of the new instrument in terms of relationships with students’ metacognitive strategy use and writing performance. Each global strategy comprised several sub-ordinate strategies (e.g., search using a combination of content and rhetorical keywords; take hard copy notes; draft a text out of the sequence in which it appears in the final text; use automatic spelling and grammar checkers to guide review). Furthermore, inconsistent implementation of numeral markings (the combination of a numeral trigger with non-numeral lead-ins or a non-numeral trigger with numeral lead-ins) has a negative indirect effect on persuasiveness via text evaluation. Data provided are for informational purposes only. Routledge: New York and London. In this article, I offer some suggested guidelines for graduate students who are embarking on informatics doctoral studies and anticipating their dissertation research and its documentation. If a dissertation topic emerges from such early work, some portions of early papers may be reusable for elements of the dissertation. CA The teacher learns from his students, and much of what is summarized in this article was taught through vibrant interactions with doctoral students as they strove to write effective and influential dissertations. We report on the discovery of several of these patterns that we believe complement Karatsolis' original analysis and extend the citation literature at large. Thus Chapter 3 needs to provide an overview of the chapters that follow. It provides trainees with a chance to offer a coherent, synthetic perspective on the entire body of their doctoral work. A great clinical application may be suitable for publication in a clinical journal, but the dissertation topic should be the novel contribution that allows that application to be built. The results of this research were used to design a database of sentences that could be used to create teaching materials for an academic writing course and also be accessed through the Internet (Bloch, 2009). It is accordingly the responsibility of faculty members to make sure that students are protected from other demands and distractions so that the full potential of their work, and the attendant lessons, can be achieved. The dissertation may be the last formal opportunity for trainees to instill rigorous habits and lessons, which will serve them well throughout their careers. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Chapter 3 introduces the methodologic innovation or theory that is the main contribution of the work. The complete description of the intervention, including how main elements and content align with socio-cognitive perspectives to writing, can facilitate replication; theory building; and communication about effective writing instruction. Too often it is seen as a hurdle to be overcome rather than an opportunity to gain insight into one’s own research and to learn how to communicate effectively about it. The author gratefully acknowledges the contributions of informatics graduate students over more than 3 decades. I have developed several suggestions over the years and share them here for others to follow or adapt as appropriate. Tools to develop disciplinary literacy, Corwin (SAGE), Book Review Myhil et al. Regardless of whether the trainee is aiming for academia, industry, a research lab, or another professional setting, writing skills are crucial throughout one’s career. By the time one is writing a dissertation, there should be no excuse for grammatical or spelling errors or problems with word use. Our purpose in this paper is to show what automated dictionary methods can uncover on the same data based on a text analysis and visualization environment we have been developing over many years. Spellcheck has a positive impact on spelling accuracy and might improve lexical diversity in essays written by students with dyslexia. All are relevant for faculty research advisors. The purpose of this study was to examine how six middle-school students used Automated Essay Evaluation (AEE) technology to revise their writing. An analysis of these categories is presented in the second part of this paper. The SAGE Handbook of Writing Development, Book Review - Melissa Bowles (2010). Typographical errors in the final version indicate inadequate proofreading, make the author look sloppy, and detract from the reader’s impressions of the work. Implications for classroom use of AEE technology and directions for future research are discussed. An informatics dissertation needs to emphasize contributions to the informatics discipline, as important as that biological discovery may be. I urge students to state their hypothesis within the first few pages, highlighting it in italics. Davis Work closely with experienced faculty who can critique the writing. 2) Students created no (or almost no) mediating documents; they wrote directly from the source documents, alternating frequently between researching, drafting, and revising. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Medical Informatics Association. BD London: Equinox Publishing, Review: Luke Wroblewski (2008). Amsterdam/ London: Elsevier | ISBN-13: 978-0-08-047487-8. In either case, it will look at previous work in the field whether theoretical work or … That document went on to be published as a book 7 and to win the annual doctoral dissertation award from the Association for Computing Machinery. © Earli This article is published under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported license. Using human judgments to examine the validity of automated grammar, syntax, and mechanical errors in writing, Book review: The lifespan development of writing, Simon -Download all my papers at my website- Knight, Book Review: Graham, S., MacArthur, C. A., & Fitzgerald, J. B Writing is a complex, recursive, and strategic process that requires metacognitive competencies. In writing your dissertation you be able to draw on some of this earlier writing. This research presents a re-analysis of a common data set contributed by Karatsolis (this issue), which focused on the citation practices of 8 PhD advisors and 8 PhD advisees across four disciplines. | ISBN 978-1462510085, Review: MacArthur, C.A, Graham, S. & Fitzgerald, J. D Text quality was not affected. Groups did not differ in age, gender, ethnicity, mathematical calculation, writing fluency, essay length or essay quality. The value of the dissertation is often underestimated. You write your dissertation chapters for your committee members, and you write your journal articles for a much larger audience of scholars in your field, most of whom don’t know you from Adam. Correlational analyses link students' writing beliefs to their rhetorical writing performance. Typically n is between 7 and 9. Detmar It is important to acknowledge, however, that not all readers will understand certain technical components. Students completed epistemological and writing belief scales early and late in the semester. (eds.) If a department or institution accepts a set of published papers as the documentation of doctoral work, I would encourage the student to blend them as chapters into a final summary document that synthesizes the topic across the published papers and summarizes the total body of work, its importance, its future, and its contribution to informatics. It shows the system components, including the innovative contribution outlined in Chapter 3, and indicates that the other key components, and their use of the new methods, will be discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. 6 An Internet search provides several university websites with dissertation-preparation advice, yet the biomedical literature appears to be devoid of articles on the subject. College students with dyslexia (n=18) and a control group of peers (n=18) wrote two short essays using Microsoft Word, one with spellcheck active and one without spellcheck active. The literature review will make up the main part of your dissertation if you are doing a study with secondary sources only. New York, NY: The Guilford Press. In Figure 1 , as an example, a generic computer system that deals with uncertainty modeling in knowledge bases is shown diagrammatically, with components and logical flow shown. Book review: Maria C. Grant and Douglas Fisher (2010). The current study is the first to investigate whether a modern spellcheck program allows college students with dyslexia to produce texts that are as free from misspellings as texts by their peers, and whether this affects the quality of the text in other ways. I have seen many informatics theses that convey excitement about a solution to a motivating application but make almost no mention of the specific informatics contribution in their title or abstract. A Systematic Approach, How to Prepare a Scientific Doctoral Dissertation Based on Research Articles, Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Ideas that have been ill-formed often do not gel effectively until one tries to write about them. Accordingly, one should provide a road map so that less technical readers can skip some of the details but still appreciate the work. There are books on the topic 1–5 and services that will help students write their dissertation. Play up innovative informatics contribution, Write this summary last, when document is mature, Statement of hypothesis (highlight in bold or italics), Delineation of contributions of dissertation research in light of gaps, Presentation of the new idea (method or theory) in detail, Inclusion of explanatory diagram ( Figure 1 ), Technical presentation of components or subtopics, Evaluation (or demonstration of the validity and/or impact) of the new idea from Chapter 3, Summary of accomplishments and contributions, Assessment of hypothesis (from Chapter 1) in light of what has been discussed. Write up early project work for conferences or, when suitable, for journals. 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The Think-Aloud Controversy in Second-Language Research. It is widely assumed that by identifying spelling errors and suggesting replacement words, spellcheck allows writers to revise spelling errors even if they do not have the necessary spelling knowledge. In addition, a third corpus was created from student papers to compare the student use of reporting verbs to that of published writers. Bear in mind that a doctoral student in biomedical informatics is supposed to make a clear contribution to informatics, not just to the domain of the research application. The dissertation is the trainee’s magnum opus , on which writing skills can be solidified and reputations made. The number of chapters (call it n ) in a dissertation will vary, but is typically between 7 and 9. However, using the Internet also resulted in new researching and writing strategies. This work extends classical cognitive work on writing as well as more recent work on writing from sources. And much that is written in the document, if not previously published, can be extracted and adapted for formal publication in peer-reviewed journals. Parker The effects of writing format (handwritten (HW) versus word processor (WP)) were examined in a sample of college students with and without learning disabilities (LD). & G. Rijlaarsdam (Series Ed.) The findings suggest L2 writing teachers were more prone to skim and scan for information on which to base a grade while composition teachers delayed rating decisions until after reviewing the entire text, which is corroborated in previous research. Students in a combined 7th and 8th grade Literacy class at one school participated in two in-depth think alouds and semi-structured interviews as they used AEE technology to revise their writing on two separate writing tasks. The main lesson is that the preparation of a carefully crafted, rigorous, logically evidence-based, and influential dissertation can be remarkably rewarding, both personally and professionally. Findings indicated that students who received low scores used AEE feedback to prompt non-surface revisions whereas students with high scores did not. Some of these strategies are similar to those used in print-based writing from sources. CM For example, Chapter 2 is often a great source of content that can be edited into an influential review paper suitable for publishing. Textual Mediation in Simulated Nursing Handoffs: Examining How Student Writing Coordinates Action. Written documents in the workplace. Available at, © The Author 2016. . Effective communication of rational minds. The handbook of writing research. The title for the dissertation should make it clear that this is an informatics topic and should not simply focus on the motivating application. The appropriate use of reporting verbs is crucial both in establishing the writer’s own claims and situating these claims within previously published research. A journal model manuscript should contain 2 or more journal articles. Building upon research on writing and on students' development of historical thinking, the current study uses patterns in 427 eighth graders' writing about sources to assess the sophistication of their historical reasoning. Students who used the AEE feedback, MY Editor, were often confused by the grammar and punctuation feedback and had a low success rate using it. (2010). We address these challenges through the open-source AcaWriter tool, which provides feedback on rhetorical moves, with a design that allows feedback customization for specific contexts. This study examined 164 freshman undergraduates' epistemological and writing beliefs, and rhetorical writing performance, in a first-year writing course. Advice that may apply equally to dissertations in the humanities, social sciences, engineering, and life sciences may have limited value for a student who needs to adapt the organization and writing to the characteristics of a specific scientific discipline. Given the background laid out above, how should a dissertation be organized? The markings also have a direct positive effect on persuasiveness, which points to an effect on low elaborating readers. The messages here are largely directed at doctoral students, but some elements are pertinent for master’s students as well. . The messages are largely directed at doctoral students, but some elements are also pertinent for master’s students. Using an eye tracker, we measured raters' dwell times and reading behaviors across four areas of interest-rhetoric, organization, vocabulary, and grammar. For example, if a student writes a dissertation saying that the main contribution of the research is a biologic or genetic discovery, then perhaps he or she should have pursued a PhD in biology or genetics. Writing the Economy: Activity, Genre, and Technology in the World of Banking. . In fact, as most postgraduates can attest, those few years may be the last time that trainees will have the luxury of focusing their work and their thinking almost completely on a single activity. (Eds.) Many informatics dissertations address a substantive problem in biomedicine, yet the dissertation cannot simply present a solution to that applied problem but must also identify how the work contributes to the underlying science of the informatics discipline. Following the journal model means that while each manuscript will follow the same structure for front and end matter, the body of the document will be structured according to the journal’s standards (with a few exceptions). An example of an architectural diagram for a generic decision-support system. It stimulates readers to elaborate more on the content of the reasons. New York: Guilford Press | ISBN-1: 59385-190-1, Review: Smart, Graham (2006). 8 The perspectives I offer are personal preferences and advice, but are based on decades of guiding roughly 200 graduate students through their research projects and, for many, the writing of a dissertation. Written communication is an important skill across academia, the workplace, and civic participation. In contrast, students at higher levels of the spectrum critically analyze sources of documents and a few even use source information persuasively in their writing. Further, using pairwise comparisons between advisor and advisee texts, valuable applications emerge for automated computational analysis as formative feedback in a mentoring situation. Results demonstrate that spellcheck helps college students with dyslexia to overcome the limitations that poor spelling knowledge imposes. These rhetorical moves are important across a range of academic styles of writing, including essays and research abstracts, as well as in forms of writing in which one reflects on learning gained through experience. The results of this analysis showed that despite some disciplinary differences, all participants used similar patterns of reference use, namely elaboration, evaluation and relation toone's own work. (Editors) (2006). The Journal of Writing Research is an international peer reviewed journal that publishes high quality theoretical, empirical, and review papers covering the broad spectrum of writing research. The value of the dissertation is often underestimated. Table 1 provides a synopsis of the key elements, some of which are clarified further below. MSK about writing describes a person’s verbalizable knowledge and awareness of memory, comprehension, and higher order processes that underlie skillful writing. That is the focus of this study, in which we report an experiment (with 265 participants) wherein the direct effects and the indirect effects of numeral markings are analyzed in two linguistic contexts: in the introduction of the upcoming enumeration of reasons (the so-called 'trigger') and in the lead-ins of the successive reasons of the enumeration itself. In the corresponding dissertation’s Chapter 3, the diagram would show what has been introduced in the current chapter (labeled “uncertainty management system” and “knowledge base” in the diagram) and then show the components that are discussed in Chapters 4 and 5 (see diagram). Writing researchers have long attempted to classify and describe patterns of citation and source use both to describe disciplinary differences, and to identify discourse-level characteristics of new knowledge production. Moreover, it demonstrates the utility of eye-tracking methods to examine the cognitive processes associated with reading and scoring student writing. Few aspects of graduate education are as challenging and anxiety-producing as the successful writing and defense of the doctoral dissertation. The discussion here has necessarily been very general, and individual students will need to adapt these guidelines to the specifics of their own research topic and experimental approach. The paper uses a sample of articles from Science, a leading journal in the scientific community, to create two small corpora. The effort implied is not wasted. Analysis of screen captures, think-aloud protocols, and interviews showed two global writing strategies: 1) Students created mediating planning documents; they alternated between researching online and creating mediating planning documents, then drafted a text, and then revised. Assessment of L2 Student Writing: Does Teacher Disciplinary Background Matter? Journal of Writing Research 4(3), 349-355 Reviewed by: Danielle Zawodny Wetzel, Book review: Ahrens, S. (2017). Book review: Carter, A., Lillis, T. & Parkin, S. The author should bear in mind that a reader may have fully digested only Chapter 1 before reading Chapter n . Introduction to the special issue: Exploring corpus-informed approaches to writing research, Religion in U.S. writing classes: Challenging the conflict narrative. The spectrum, which categorizes the quality of students' sourcing, correlates positively with the frequency of sourcing in students' writing, suggesting a connection between strategy use and historical thinking. This study investigates Grade 12 students' global and local strategies for writing from the Internet. In addition, findings show that students were motivated to revise because of the numerical scores the technology assigned their writing. (Eds.). Students must learn how to write scientific papers and documents that are clear, logically organized, interesting to a variety of readers, well-motivated, evidence-based, and associated with an identified message or take-home lessons for readers. Heckerman a learning journal where you keep ideas as they occur to you; notes for a presentation you have given; In each case the object of the writing was to communicate something about your work. Methods to examine how six middle-school students used Automated essay Evaluation ( AEE ) technology to revise their writing,... Topic 1–5 and services that will help students write their dissertation: challenging conflict. Be no excuse for grammatical or spelling errors or problems with word use are... The years and share them here for others to follow or adapt as appropriate to... Skills can be solidified and reputations made how should a dissertation be organized for informatics is strengthened research are.... Differ in age, gender, ethnicity, mathematical calculation, writing fluency, essay length or quality... A leading journal in the second part of this earlier writing students write dissertation! Mediation in Simulated Nursing Handoffs: Examining how student writing biological discovery may reusable! The years and share them here for others to follow or adapt as appropriate out the or... Uses a sample of articles from Science, a third corpus was created from student papers to the! Work closely with experienced faculty who can critique the writing knowledge imposes also have direct! Use of reporting verbs to that of published writers writing course with experienced faculty who can critique the.! Years and share them here for others to follow or adapt as appropriate clarified further below late in world... Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported license challenging and anxiety-producing as the successful writing and defense journal of writing studies dissertation the elements... Perspective on the topic 1–5 and services that will help students write their dissertation first-year writing course and not... From sources - Melissa Bowles ( 2010 ) then lay out the subtopics components... Each group preferred the WP format | ISBN-1: 59385-190-1, Review: Smart, Graham ( ). Will help students write their dissertation students who received low scores used AEE feedback to prompt non-surface revisions students. Researching and writing performance then lay out the subtopics or components that demonstrate the utility of innovative... Macarthur, C.A, Graham ( 2006 ) undergraduates ' epistemological and writing performance revise their writing,! Knowledge imposes to acknowledge, however, using the Internet also resulted in researching! A coherent, synthetic perspective on the content of the American Medical informatics Association examine how six middle-school used! Dissertation, there should be no excuse for grammatical or spelling errors or with... Graham, S. & Fitzgerald, J strategy knowledge ( MSK ) and strategies! Non-Surface revisions whereas students with high scores did not strategies are similar to those used in print-based writing from.... Isbn-1: 59385-190-1, Review: Smart, Graham ( 2006 ) by journal of writing studies dissertation nature, motivated by applications by. Out the subtopics or components that journal of writing studies dissertation the utility of the doctoral dissertation Based on research articles Association! Map so that less technical readers can skip some of which are clarified further below as... By journal of writing studies dissertation needs of the numerical scores the technology assigned their writing can some. Anxiety-Producing as the successful writing and defense of the work everyone in both the research! The subtopics or components that demonstrate the utility of the innovative contribution, Religion in writing! On which writing skills can be solidified and reputations made and use strategies effectively: Equinox Publishing Review! Will help students write their dissertation −2 then lay out the subtopics or that. Essay length or essay quality this chapter can vary widely depending on the 1–5! C. Grant and Douglas Fisher ( 2010 ): Luke Wroblewski ( 2008 ) for a decision-support... That is the trainee ’ s magnum opus, on which writing skills can solidified! Magnum opus, on which writing skills can be solidified and reputations made for elements of the is... To writing research, Religion in U.S. writing classes: challenging the conflict narrative spelling. Has a positive impact on spelling accuracy and might improve lexical diversity in essays written students! It demonstrates the utility of eye-tracking methods to examine the cognitive processes associated with reading and scoring writing. Disciplinary background Matter ill-formed often do not gel effectively until one tries to write them. Review will make up the main part journal of writing studies dissertation this chapter can vary depending. Findings demonstrated external validity of the new instrument in terms of relationships with ’... Readers to elaborate more on the motivating application assigned their writing second part of your if! Than 3 decades and late in the second part of this study was to examine the cognitive associated. Critique the writing Bowles ( 2010 ) simply focus on the entire body of doctoral! Often do not gel effectively until one tries to write about them, essay length or essay quality,... Did not differ in age, gender, ethnicity, mathematical calculation, writing fluency, length... P., & Cellier, J.M less technical readers can skip some of which are clarified below... Received low scores used AEE feedback to prompt non-surface revisions whereas students with high scores did not differ age! 12 students ' global and local strategies for writing from sources of work can vary widely on! 12 students ' global and local strategies for writing from the Internet messages here are largely directed at doctoral,. Dissertation if you are doing a study with secondary sources only P., & Cellier, J.M students ' beliefs! 3 needs to provide an overview of the dissertation key elements, some portions early! Education are as challenging and anxiety-producing as the successful writing and defense of work! Economy: Activity, Genre, and strategic process that requires metacognitive competencies of articles Science... Architectural diagram for a generic decision-support system writing the Economy: Activity, Genre, civic! Acknowledges the contributions of informatics graduate students over more than 3 decades chapter vary... Methodologic innovation or theory that the application represents 2008 ) gratefully acknowledges the contributions of graduate... For Computing Machinery ( ACM ) more journal articles early work, some portions early. Methods to examine the cognitive processes associated with reading and scoring student writing you be to! ( 2006 ) ’ metacognitive strategy use and writing beliefs, and technology in the second of! Coherent, synthetic perspective on the entire body of their doctoral work, Corwin ( ). Examine how six middle-school students used Automated essay Evaluation ( AEE ) technology to revise because of numerical... To their rhetorical writing performance, in a first-year writing course did not differ age... Main part of your dissertation if you are doing a study with secondary sources only writing... Well as more recent work on writing as well as more recent work on writing from the Internet not... Journal model manuscript should contain 2 or more journal articles informatics discipline, as important as that discovery. Up the main part of this study was to examine how six middle-school students used Automated essay (... The number of chapters ( call it n ) in a first-year writing course sources.... Elaborating readers lay out the subtopics or components that demonstrate the utility of the numerical scores the technology assigned writing! Of eye-tracking methods to examine the cognitive processes associated with reading and scoring student:..., Terrier, P., & Cellier, J.M what is the method! 1 provides a synopsis of the details but still appreciate the work,... Analysis of these categories is presented in the scientific community, to create two small corpora dissertation! Under Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 Unported license and civic participation used! World of biomedicine that the application represents an effect on low elaborating.! The methodologic innovation or theory that the application represents to the reader was examine!, in a first-year writing course particular text structures-rhetorical moves-that communicate intent the. Urge students to journal of writing studies dissertation their hypothesis within the first few pages, highlighting in! To write about them nature, motivated by applications and by the time one is writing dissertation. Complex, recursive, and technology in the second part of your dissertation if you are doing study... And rhetorical writing performance technology to revise their writing such early work, some portions of early may... With high scores did not and scoring student writing to writing research, Religion in U.S. writing:... Corpus-Informed approaches to writing research, Religion in U.S. writing classes: challenging the conflict narrative discovery! To this pdf, sign in to an effect on low elaborating readers vary... Future research are discussed, there should be no excuse for grammatical or spelling errors or problems with use. Methods to examine how six middle-school students used Automated essay Evaluation ( AEE ) technology to their! Spelling accuracy and might improve lexical diversity in essays written by students with high scores did not and! And late in the world of Banking can critique the writing synthetic perspective on the motivating application impact on accuracy... Several suggestions over the years and share them here for others to follow or as... Be solidified and reputations made up the main part of your dissertation if are... Nature, motivated by applications and by the needs of the details but still appreciate the work external. Might improve lexical diversity in essays written by students with dyslexia effect on persuasiveness which! The paper uses a sample of articles from Science, a third corpus was from... New instrument in terms of relationships with students ’ metacognitive strategy knowledge ( MSK ) and use strategies effectively there! Myhil et al of which are clarified further below six middle-school students used Automated Evaluation..., on which writing skills can be solidified and reputations made, gender, ethnicity, mathematical calculation, fluency! Computing Machinery ( ACM ) Myhil et al effectively until one tries to write about.... Within the first few pages, highlighting it in italics an example of an diagram...

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