how to write research impact

What are the methodologies and frameworks that have been employed globally to evaluate research impact and how do these compare? ‘The justification for a university is that it preserves the connection between knowledge and the zest of life, by uniting the young and the old in the imaginative consideration of learning. The case study of the Research Information System of the European Research Council’, E-Infrastructures for Research and Innovation: Linking Information Systems to Improve Scientific Knowledge, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Current Research Information Systems, (June 6–9, 2012), pp. Organizations may be interested in reviewing and assessing research impact for one or more of the aforementioned purposes and this will influence the way in which evaluation is approached. Required fields are marked *. In the UK, more sophisticated assessments of impact incorporating wider socio-economic benefits were first investigated within the fields of Biomedical and Health Sciences (Grant 2006), an area of research that wanted to be able to justify the significant investment it received. Impact assessments raise concerns over the steer of research towards disciplines and topics in which impact is more easily evidenced and that provide economic impacts that could subsequently lead to a devaluation of ‘blue skies’ research. If an impact was hard to achieve, does that warrant a higher score? The case study does present evidence from a particular perspective and may need to be adapted for use with different stakeholders. What I needed was a clear, short, effective, and memorable method to communicate this to impact case study leaders; and so I created an A to Z. n.d.). The range and diversity of frameworks developed reflect the variation in purpose of evaluation including the stakeholders for whom the assessment takes place, along with the type of impact and evidence anticipated. The main risks associated with the use of standardized metrics are that, The full impact will not be realized, as we focus on easily quantifiable indicators. They risk being monetized or converted into a lowest common denominator in an attempt to compare the cost of a new theatre against that of a hospital. 2005; Wooding et al. 2008), developed during the mid-1990s by Buxton and Hanney, working at Brunel University. If knowledge exchange events could be captured, for example, electronically as they occur or automatically if flagged from an electronic calendar or a diary, then far more of these events could be recorded with relative ease. n.d.). However, it must be remembered that in the case of the UK REF, impact is only considered that is based on research that has taken place within the institution submitting the case study. It can be seen from the panel guidance produced by HEFCE to illustrate impacts and evidence that it is expected that impact and evidence will vary according to discipline (REF2014 2012). Here we outline a few of the most notable models that demonstrate the contrast in approaches available. A taxonomy of impact categories was then produced onto which impact could be mapped. This can involve academic impact, economic and societal impact or both: The impact of research, be it academic, economic and social can include: Knowledge exchange (KE) (external website), the enabling of two-way exchange between researchers and research users to share ideas, research evidence, experiences and skills, is fundamental to our understanding of what makes excellent research. The RQF was developed to demonstrate and justify public expenditure on research, and as part of this framework, a pilot assessment was undertaken by the Australian Technology Network. Figure 1, replicated from Hughes and Martin (2012), illustrates how the ease with which impact can be attributed decreases with time, whereas the impact, or effect of complementary assets, increases, highlighting the problem that it may take a considerable amount of time for the full impact of a piece of research to develop but because of this time and the increase in complexity of the networks involved in translating the research and interim impacts, it is more difficult to attribute and link back to a contributing piece of research. This might include the citation of a piece of research in policy documents or reference to a piece of research being cited within the media. Given that the type of impact we might expect varies according to research discipline, impact-specific challenges present us with the problem that an evaluation mechanism may not fairly compare impact between research disciplines. 103–12. This is a metric that has been used within the charitable sector (Berg and Månsson 2011) and also features as evidence in the REF guidance for panel D (REF2014 2012). Evidence of academic impact may be derived through various bibliometric methods, one example of which is the H index, which has incorporated factors such as the number of publications and citations. What indicators, evidence, and impacts need to be captured within developing systems. Methods are also important in how you undertook your research and achieved your impact. SROI aims to provide a valuation of the broader social, environmental, and economic impacts, providing a metric that can be used for demonstration of worth. Evidence may be sought at the time of impact (which is good whilst it is fresh in the mind(s) of either you or your beneficiaries), or in retrospect (when more impact may have occurred, the impact may have matured, or when you have a clearer view of the whole case study, taking account of all the evidence). The time lag between research and impact varies enormously. Impact 2.1 Enhancing research- and innovation-related human resources, skills, and working conditions to realise the potential of individuals and to provide new career perspectives In this section, please explain the impact of the research and training on the fellows' careers. While aspects of impact can be adequately interpreted using metrics, narratives, and other evidence, the mixed-method case study approach is an excellent means of pulling all available information, data, and evidence together, allowing a comprehensive summary of the impact within context. While the case study is a useful way of showcasing impact, its limitations must be understood if we are to use this for evaluation purposes. To accept cookies, click continue. By evaluating the contribution that research makes to society and the economy, future funding can be allocated where it is perceived to bring about the desired impact. Where quantitative data were available, for example, audience numbers or book sales, these numbers rarely reflected the degree of impact, as no context or baseline was available. (2007) adapted the terminology of the Payback Framework, developed for the health and biomedical sciences from ‘benefit’ to ‘impact’ when modifying the framework for the social sciences, arguing that the positive or negative nature of a change was subjective and can also change with time, as has commonly been highlighted with the drug thalidomide, which was introduced in the 1950s to help with, among other things, morning sickness but due to teratogenic effects, which resulted in birth defects, was withdrawn in the early 1960s. The development of tools and systems for assisting with impact evaluation would be very valuable. Concerns over how to attribute impacts have been raised many times (The Allen Consulting Group 2005; Duryea et al. Figure 2 demonstrates the information that systems will need to capture and link. Metrics have commonly been used as a measure of impact, for example, in terms of profit made, number of jobs provided, number of trained personnel recruited, number of visitors to an exhibition, number of items purchased, and so on. include activities that enable innovation, reflection and negotiation at key points during your research (eg learning events with research partners). To demonstrate to government, stakeholders, and the wider public the value of research. Case studies are ideal for showcasing impact, but should they be used to critically evaluate impact? Narratives can be used to describe impact; the use of narratives enables a story to be told and the impact to be placed in context and can make good use of qualitative information. The Payback Framework enables health and medical research and impact to be linked and the process by which impact occurs to be traced. However, good KE is as much about approach, mindset, personal qualities and researcher mission. One of the advantages of this method is that less input is required compared with capturing the full route from research to impact. These metrics may be used in the UK to understand the benefits of research within academia and are often incorporated into the broader perspective of impact seen internationally, for example, within the Excellence in Research for Australia and using Star Metrics in the USA, in which quantitative measures are used to assess impact, for example, publications, citation, and research income. This might describe support for and development of research with end users, public engagement and evidence of knowledge exchange, or a demonstration of change in public opinion as a result of research. It is worth considering the degree to which indicators are defined and provide broader definitions with greater flexibility. Baselines and controls need to be captured alongside change to demonstrate the degree of impact. A discussion on the benefits and drawbacks of a range of evaluation tools (bibliometrics, economic rate of return, peer review, case study, logic modelling, and benchmarking) can be found in the article by Grant (2006). Would this have really affected the impact?” This is where the concepts of significance and reach come in; these can really help to put an impact case study into perspective. An alternative approach was suggested for the RQF in Australia, where it was proposed that types of impact be compared rather than impact from specific disciplines. What alternatives are there? A Preferred Framework and Indicators to Measure Returns on Investment in Health Research, Measuring Impact Under CERIF at Goldsmiths, Anti-Impact Campaign’s ‘Poster Boy’ Sticks up for the Ivory Tower. Never having written a case study myself, I didn’t know the answer, and so needed to find out. It is important to emphasize that ‘Not everyone within the higher education sector itself is convinced that evaluation of higher education activity is a worthwhile task’ (Kelly and McNicoll 2011). This is important to identify and creates a hinge to the aim. The exploitation of research to provide impact occurs through a complex variety of processes, individuals, and organizations, and therefore, attributing the contribution made by a specific individual, piece of research, funding, strategy, or organization to an impact is not straight forward. This petition was signed by 17,570 academics (52,409 academics were returned to the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise), including Nobel laureates and Fellows of the Royal Society (University and College Union 2011). Two areas of research impact health and biomedical sciences and the social sciences have received particular attention in the literature by comparison with, for example, the arts. RAND Europe’, Capturing Research Impacts. In many instances, controls are not feasible as we cannot look at what impact would have occurred if a piece of research had not taken place; however, indications of the picture before and after impact are valuable and worth collecting for impact that can be predicted. Accountability. The university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively. What have you achieved that hasn’t been evidenced sufficiently? ‘Impact’ has become the term of choice in the UK for research influence beyond academia. The traditional form of evaluation of university research in the UK was based on measuring academic impact and quality through a process of peer review (Grant 2006). We define research impact as 'the demonstrable contribution that excellent research makes to society and the economy'. It is time-intensive to both assimilate and review case studies and we therefore need to ensure that the resources required for this type of evaluation are justified by the knowledge gained. Johnston (Johnston 1995) notes that by developing relationships between researchers and industry, new research strategies can be developed. There is a great deal of interest in collating terms for impact and indicators of impact. The point at which assessment takes place will therefore influence the degree and significance of that impact. In development of the RQF, The Allen Consulting Group (2005) highlighted that defining a time lag between research and impact was difficult. RAND selected four frameworks to represent the international arena (Grant et al. Systems need to be able to capture links between and evidence of the full pathway from research to impact, including knowledge exchange, outputs, outcomes, and interim impacts, to allow the route to impact to be traced. For more extensive reviews of the Payback Framework, see Davies et al. To understand the socio-economic value of research and subsequently inform funding decisions. Aspects of impact, such as value of Intellectual Property, are currently recorded by universities in the UK through their Higher Education Business and Community Interaction Survey return to Higher Education Statistics Agency; however, as with other public and charitable sector organizations, showcasing impact is an important part of attracting and retaining donors and support (Kelly and McNicoll 2011). Anecdotal feedback from researchers who have participated in co-production have reported benefits for their networks, job satisfaction and careers, which has balanced out some of the challenges they faced in undertaking this form of research. What are the challenges associated with understanding and evaluating research impact? An outline here is really useful as the reader can understand how difficult it was, what the challenges were, and how the researcher made a difference. Impact case studies are the opposite: you already have the blocks – evidence in different parts and perspectives – and it’s up to the researcher to use them to create a coherent story. By allowing impact to be placed in context, we answer the ‘so what?’ question that can result from quantitative data analyses, but is there a risk that the full picture may not be presented to demonstrate impact in a positive light? What would they say about you if they wrote it from their perspective? University applications Securing funding does not always guarantee an offer of a place at the university you are applying to. Whatever your impact, keep a clear focus, and with a firm research foundation, build those blocks of evidence into a strong tower that is worth writing about! Research impact is assessed in two formats, first, through an impact template that describes the approach to enabling impact within a unit of assessment, and second, using impact case studies that describe the impact taking place following excellent research within a unit of assessment … 6. The transfer of information electronically can be traced and reviewed to provide data on where and to whom research findings are going. Nearly there with your case study? 2006; Nason et al. After all, impact case studies need a different writing style to proposal or paper; one which is clear and understandable to someone unfamiliar with your subject. The REF will therefore assess three aspects of research: Research impact is assessed in two formats, first, through an impact template that describes the approach to enabling impact within a unit of assessment, and second, using impact case studies that describe the impact taking place following excellent research within a unit of assessment (REF2014 2011a). Again the objective and perspective of the individuals and organizations assessing impact will be key to understanding how temporal and dissipated impact will be valued in comparison with longer-term impact. SIAMPI is based on the widely held assumption that interactions between researchers and stakeholder are an important pre-requisite to achieving impact (Donovan 2011; Hughes and Martin 2012; Spaapen et al. For example, following the discovery of a new potential drug, preclinical work is required, followed by Phase 1, 2, and 3 trials, and then regulatory approval is granted before the drug is used to deliver potential health benefits. In REF 2014, higher-ranked case studies used simple and persuasive language and powerful “doing” verbs. What emerged on testing the MICE taxonomy (Cooke and Nadim 2011), by mapping impacts from case studies, was that detailed categorization of impact was found to be too prescriptive. We will focus attention towards generating results that enable boxes to be ticked rather than delivering real value for money and innovative research. I discovered there is a wealth of information on what a case study is and how to generate impact, but not on how to write one, so I took that as my starting point. The case study approach, recommended by the RQF, was combined with ‘significance’ and ‘reach’ as criteria for assessment. The reasoning behind the move towards assessing research impact is undoubtedly complex, involving both political and socio-economic factors, but, nevertheless, we can differentiate between four primary purposes. It is desirable that the assignation of administrative tasks to researchers is limited, and therefore, to assist the tracking and collating of impact data, systems are being developed involving numerous projects and developments internationally, including Star Metrics in the USA, the ERC (European Research Council) Research Information System, and Lattes in Brazil (Lane 2010; Mugabushaka and Papazoglou 2012). If this research is to be assessed alongside more applied research, it is important that we are able to at least determine the contribution of basic research. Introduction, what is meant by impact? It is perhaps assumed here that a positive or beneficial effect will be considered as an impact but what about changes that are perceived to be negative? It is perhaps worth noting that the expert panels, who assessed the pilot exercise for the REF, commented that the evidence provided by research institutes to demonstrate impact were ‘a unique collection’. Gathering evidence of the links between research and impact is not only a challenge where that evidence is lacking. Demonstrating support for Impact in your Research Proposal, Developing a communications and impact strategy, Knowledge exchange (KE) (external website), Knowledge exchange and the social sciences (PDF, 962Kb), include people from user organisations as co-investigators, request funding to meet the practical costs that research partners incur when they take part in projects. There are oodles of opportunities to pursue, which may follow up on existing impact, generate new impact, or work with stakeholders on knowledge exchange through grants or other networking opportunities. Why should this be the case? It incorporates both academic outputs and wider societal benefits (Donovan and Hanney 2011) to assess outcomes of health sciences research. about our research), it’s important to emphasise the impact aim over the research aim – after all this is an impact case study, not a research case study. This guide explains exactly what you need to write in the two separate impact sections in a Research Council bid (your impact summary and your pathway to impact), and also applies to the impact sections of grant applications for other funders. Ask a colleague to read through your case study to help to find the gaps. This database of evidence needs to establish both where impact can be directly attributed to a piece of research as well as various contributions to impact made during the pathway. 2007) who concluded that the researchers and case studies could provide enough qualitative and quantitative evidence for reviewers to assess the impact arising from their research (Duryea et al. When considering the impact that is generated as a result of research, a number of authors and government recommendations have advised that a clear definition of impact is required (Duryea, Hochman, and Parfitt 2007; Grant et al. Research findings including outputs (e.g., presentations and publications), Communications and interactions with stakeholders and the wider public (emails, visits, workshops, media publicity, etc), Feedback from stakeholders and communication summaries (e.g., testimonials and altmetrics), Research developments (based on stakeholder input and discussions), Outcomes (e.g., commercial and cultural, citations), Impacts (changes, e.g., behavioural and economic). Clearly the impact of thalidomide would have been viewed very differently in the 1950s compared with the 1960s or today. To evaluate impact, case studies were interrogated and verifiable indicators assessed to determine whether research had led to reciprocal engagement, adoption of research findings, or public value. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Tempted as we are to write in our comfort zone (i.e. The beauty of excellent impact case studies lies in their simplicity. Published by Oxford University Press. There are areas of basic research where the impacts are so far removed from the research or are impractical to demonstrate; in these cases, it might be prudent to accept the limitations of impact assessment, and provide the potential for exclusion in appropriate circumstances. The first attempt globally to comprehensively capture the socio-economic impact of research across all disciplines was undertaken for the Australian Research Quality Framework (RQF), using a case study approach. Research findings will be taken up in other branches of research and developed further before socio-economic impact occurs, by which point, attribution becomes a huge challenge. I was asked this question earlier in the summer, shortly after starting my new role at Bournemouth University, helping to generate evidence of impact ahead of REF 2021. The Oxford English Dictionary defines impact as a ‘Marked effect or influence’, this is clearly a very broad definition. Frameworks for assessing impact have been designed and are employed at an organizational level addressing the specific requirements of the organization and stakeholders. When it comes to the narrative, I’ve tried to consider this from different perspectives – what if the beneficiaries wrote my case study? Citations (outside of academia) and documentation can be used as evidence to demonstrate the use research findings in developing new ideas and products for example. For systems to be able to capture a full range of systems, definitions and categories of impact need to be determined that can be incorporated into system development. 2010; Hanney and González-Block 2011) and can be thought of in two parts: a model that allows the research and subsequent dissemination process to be broken into specific components within which the benefits of research can be studied, and second, a multi-dimensional classification scheme into which the various outputs, outcomes, and impacts can be placed (Hanney and Gonzalez Block 2011). 2007). KE is often associated with activities which can be planned and costed; from seminars and workshops to placements and collaborative research. This presents particular difficulties in research disciplines conducting basic research, such as pure mathematics, where the impact of research is unlikely to be foreseen. Capturing data, interactions, and indicators as they emerge increases the chance of capturing all relevant information and tools to enable researchers to capture much of this would be valuable. The Payback Framework has been adopted internationally, largely within the health sector, by organizations such as the Canadian Institute of Health Research, the Dutch Public Health Authority, the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, and the Welfare Bureau in Hong Kong (Bernstein et al. If metrics are available as impact evidence, they should, where possible, also capture any baseline or control data. We use cookies on this site to understand how you use our content, and to give you the best browsing experience. In undertaking excellent research, we anticipate that great things will come and as such one of the fundamental reasons for undertaking research is that we will generate and transform knowledge that will benefit society as a whole. Many researchers find the impact sections of their grant applications among the most challenging to complete. These include: These characteristics are developed over many years of research activity, aided by supportive institutional environments and plenty of practice and reflection with colleagues and users. Note: This article gives the views of the author, and not the position of the LSE Impact Blog, nor of the London School of Economics. In the UK, evidence and research impacts will be assessed for the REF within research disciplines. Evidence is key throughout as the assessors are not an expert in any one subject. Doing this frames the focus of the case study, which you can then link to the purpose of the research – after all impact is all about you, not me. More details on SROI can be found in ‘A guide to Social Return on Investment’ produced by The SROI Network (2012). It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. about our research), it’s important to emphasise the impact aim over the research aim – after all this is an impact case study, not a research case study. Rather than in alphabetical order, my A to Z is presented here in these three parts. Visit our sister blog LSE Review of Books. Go back and ask yourself questions that really break down your research and/or impact assumptions, so that you can fully understand your beneficiaries’ needs and the scope of the impact. The introduction of impact assessments with the requirement to collate evidence retrospectively poses difficulties because evidence, measurements, and baselines have, in many cases, not been collected and may no longer be available. To achieve compatible systems, a shared language is required. We are creating a unified UKRI website that brings together the existing research council, Innovate UK and Research England websites. Proposed methodology for measuring the effectiveness of policies designed to further research, Understanding and evaluating the impact of integrated problem-oriented research programmes: Concepts and considerations, The program and policy change framework: A new tool to measure research use in low- and middle-income countries, The effect of competitive public funding on scientific output: A comparison between China and the EU. Are going funding does not always guarantee an offer of a place at the university imparts,... 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Are ideal for showcasing impact, but should they be used to evaluate... Does not always guarantee an offer of a place at the university information... A place at the university imparts information, but it imparts it imaginatively and whom. A colleague to read through your case study to help to find out website that brings together existing. ‘ impact ’ has become the term of choice in the UK, evidence, and impacts to! As how to write research impact evidence, they should, where possible, also capture any baseline or control.. The socio-economic value of research and impact to be adapted for use with different stakeholders few the... Impact ’ has become the term of choice in the 1950s compared with the or. In their simplicity occurs to be adapted for use with different stakeholders defines impact 'the... Showcasing impact, but it imparts it imaginatively a hinge to the aim rather than in alphabetical,... 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