modern marxist writers thesis

Print. Given that the mode of production is usually undergoing changes, a period or stage usually occurs that leads to evolution system where the society’s mode of production and classes get into conflict. It found that 41% of prisoners either posed no skills or had very little, compared to 18% of the general population; again a large over representation of unskilled labour force. This again can be one of the reasons of high crime rates and poverty in these countries, especially in Africa and Asia (Vidal, 547). Representation And The Newspaper Media Criminology Essay, The Contribution Of The Chicago School Of Criminology Criminology Essay, Strain Theory, Robert Merton - An Analysis, http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm, CustomWritings – Professional Academic Writing Service, Tips on How to Order Essay. Here, Marx argues that the economic aspect and interpretation of history of materialistic attempts indicates the historical perspective of how various countries came to posses the resources they have today (Waller, 1008). Secondly, Marxist’s see all crime in a capitalist society as a product of class struggle. Vidal, Matt. Rusche, G. & Kirchiemer, O. Print. IvyPanda. Print. In a Marxist interpretation, writing and writers are thus commodified by the academy to produce original content that will gain them capital in the form of a career. Besides, workers usually have only one commodity to sell, which is their labor. According to Marxist theory, a number of structures lead to poor development in global South countries. Therefore, I totally support the Marxist theory on the fact that most global South countries are poor due to the lack of good structures that enhance development. “The Spaces of Economic Crisis: Asia and the Reconfiguration of Neo-Marxist Crisis Theory.” Studies in Comparative International Development 37.4 (2003): 31. Secondly, capitalists increase their profits by reducing the number of hours needed to provide the labor sustenance. IvyPanda. Gramsci was a Marxist thinker in the 20th century whose work evaluated culture and political leadership. In T. Platt, & Takahi, P. These theories of anomie and strain theory all take the same direction as Marxist theory in that they believe there to be a division in society between working class and the ruling class. There are also some poor cultural practices in global South countries that hinder their development. New Left Review). "Marxist Theory of Development." Furthermore, when technology is available the total work production output is raised while the cost of production is usually reduced (Davenport, 47). Issues in Criminology, 7, 71-81. Marxists’ Critique of Crises with the Capitalist System, Marxist Critique of Capitalism: Expropriation of Surplus Value, Marxist Critiques of Capitalism: Theory of Surplus Value, Relative Surplus Value and Absolute Surplus Value, Understanding of Contemporary Labor Market by Marxist Concept of Exploitation, Liberal Democracy: Marxist and Conservatism' Approaches, Communitarianism: "The Monochrome Society" by Amitai Etzioni. See Also: Robespierre, Simone de Beauvoir, Eugene Kamenka. The process of development usually aims at fulfillment of human needs in an equitable manner and without any discrimination. Besides, the gap between the rich and the poor in global South countries due to lack of democracy is also one of the major reasons for underdevelopment. The house of correction’s main aim and focus was there to make those that didn’t want to work and was unwilling to work, to make them work. He referred to the cultural capital as those who were in possession of the dominant culture and thought this could be translated in to wealth and power through the education system. Critically discuss this with reference to Marxist theories of Punishment. Someone will want something and when they feel there is no other way of achieving this, criminal activity can take place (Bohm, 1982 as cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). Again, capitalist system can be applied in these countries in sectors such as agriculture using machinery and technology to promote surplus production. 91, February, NACRO: London. Marxist think law is an abuse to general human rights and they also question the power of the law and it purpose in its application, if the working class are policing the working class (Schwendinger and Schwendinger, 1970, 1972, 1977; Platt, 1974 cited in Williams and McShane, 2010). Marxism always expected a revolution in capitalist societies but by early 20th century no revolution had occurred in such advanced countries. & Bohlander, E. W. (1976) Repression and criminal justice in capitalist America, Sociological Inquiry, 46, 95-106. He studied Europe after the industrial revolution and Durkheim saw from forced industrialisation and commercialisation, a large economic crisis could define factors of causing a state of anomie. In what way was traditional society different from modern society? As a result, maintenance of labor is very poor in these countries, leading to poverty and poor living standards (Mombeshora, 442). Copyright © 2020 - IvyPanda is a trading name of Edustream Technologies LLC, a company registered in Wyoming, USA. Therefore, for proper development to be realized in these countries, the above challenges must be confronted through proper policies and procedures (Vidal, 560). 1. The capitalists exploit most of the workers by utilizing their wages in settling some organizational needs such as rent and interests, while at the same time denying workers the chance to share in the success of the organization. Berkeley, CA: Crime and Social Justice Associates. This is usually achieved by increasing the speed of working by the workers. Durkheim’s anomie theory looks at social norms in society being broken while Merton’s Strain theory (1938) looks more at deviance who also refers to bureaucratic behaviour as well as criminal behaviour in his theory. IvyPanda. This is thought to be needed in order to keep crime down” (Rusche, 1980:??). Punishment and Social Structure. “On The Persistence Of Labor Market Insecurity And Slow Growth In The US: Reckoning with the Walton’s Growth Regime.” New Political Economy 17.5 (2012): 543-564. Her works on feminism include; 'A Vindiction of the Rights of Women' published in 1792. Therefore, it is true that most global South countries are mainly poor and underdeveloped due to lack of enough structures of production. American Sociological Review, 3, 672-682. He said not everyone has equal access to these financial achievements or success and that some people may look for illegitimate ways to gain this success. Capitalism is in crisis across the globe – but what on earth is the alternative? A Home Office Research and Planning Unit Report, HMSO: London. To begin with, capitalists usually apply the strategy of increasing working days in order to have more working hours, hence more surplus labor. Again, they also underutilized their potential and capabilities including their land and skills due to overdependence on developed countries. Therefore, it is clear that, to some extent, lack of enough structures such as advanced technology, exploitation of workers, lack of ideologies, overdependence, and lack of autonomy is some of the reasons that have led to poor development of global South countries (Davenport, 28). Print. Despite this, I also fully support the idea that most of the global South countries fail to use necessary natural resources that they have due to lack of enough skills, knowledge, and modern technology. Michalowski, R. J. His study found some interested figures in evidence of the theories that have been presented in this essay. He states that when wages go up because of the lack of labour that this in turn causes the ruling class to apply their power to supply the need for cheap labour. Glassman, Jim. However, this is usually not the case in many countries in the world, especially those in global South. He described this as a breakdown of social norms for the working class. Thirdly, there are technical methods and processes including the application of science and technology. SENTENCE TO WRAP IT UP, Marxism saw the creation of two different groups that were created through the rise of capitalism; the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat) and he claimed that these two classes offered nothing but “new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of old ones”. However, this is not the case in most of these countries, with workers receiving little money that is not equal to their work input. To some extent, one may argue that global south countries usually lack these arrangement and patterns of production, leading to their lack of development. “An Overview of the Main Theories Regarding the Role of the State.” Economic Insights – Trends & Challenges 65.4 (2013): 73-82. IvyPanda, 2 June 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/marxist-theory-of-development/. Here, Marxist theory argues on the surplus value as the basic economic value of class struggle, leading to economic development. Walmsley, R., Howard, L and White, S. (1992) The National Prison Survey 1991 main findings. The theory asserts that class struggle is mainly due to the outcome of surplus value, which in most cases is in the possession of a number of few capitalists in the society. These include discrimination of women and other minority cultures. It is also evident in many global South countries that workers usually work many hours that are not directly related to the wages they get. 2 June. Therefore, these countries should adopt capitalist ideologies, use technology in production, and apply commercial production in labor productivity (Davenport, 30). NACRO (1997b) Criminal Justice Digest. As a result, capitalists usually aim at maximizing the value of their profits through various means. Firstly, they suggest that law is a tool used by the ruling class to control the working class. All rights reserved. (1982) Radical Criminology: An explanation. Evidence to support these theories that prison is a way of controlling the working class by the ruling class can be seen in the inequalities of the prison population. In order to do this we first need an understanding of what Marxist theory is based on, how Marx differentiates the class system and how punishment fits in to his theory. Marxist Theory of Development. “Towards an Open Marxist Theory of Imperialism.” Capital & Class 37.2 (2013): 217-237. ), Punishment and Penal Discipline (pp 10-16). Scheiber, Noam. By clicking “Proceed”, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. Crime and Social Justice, 7, 71-81. Because of this social inequality and division in society between the working class and ruling class, he believes that certain goals are just not available for certain groups within society such as the lower social class. This can also be seen in the application of law and how the bourgeoisie wrong doings do not fall under any law but as mentioned earlier fall under administrative and governing laws in order to protect their own. Moreover, lack of democracy in the global South countries is also a major hindrance to development in these countries. Rusche saw that the exploitation of prison labour began to be the preferred method over previous methods such as corporal and capital punishment. "Marxist Theory of Development." Rusche (1980) took the same approach in his theory of punishment and social structure. In his study of US societies that these higher rates of crime were amongst the lower classes (Williams and McShane, 1988: 79-83). Crime and Social Justice, 1, 2-6. We will write a custom Essay on Marxist Theory of Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. As Jenner (2014) stated “the conditions need to be markedly more unpleasant than the conditions of life experienced by those of the lowest strata living free in society”. As a result, the technology and skills applied will enhance the productivity of labor. According to Marxist theory, society has a system of social class that usually consists of propertied and non-propertied classes (Scheiber, 33). A national survey done by the Home Office carried out on prison population in 1991 showed that it was made up by uneducated young men, many whom had an ethnic minority background. History Learning Site (2010) Marxism and Crime [online] available at. This essay on Marxist Theory of Development was written and submitted by your fellow student. However, most of the global South countries have abundant natural resources but they do not have the ability and capacity to use them effectively; hence, they remain underdeveloped while the European countries continue to develop steadily (Tătulescu, 75). Marxist theory of development views economic development in three perspectives (Waller, 1006). Emilie Durkheim’s anomie theory also recognised the division in society and in his book termed it as the division in labour. As a matter of fact, civil and human rights abuse that occurs in these countries should be avoided, as this reduces democracy and promotes corruption (Davenport, 41). This can be seen in Emilie Durkheim’s Anomie theory. Therefore, I fully agree with the Marxist theory that most global South countries are mainly poor due to lack of enough structures and features that can allow them to have full-fledged development. Consequently, this explains the lack of development in global South countries; for example, in African countries, there is always a large disparity and gap between the rich and poor, leading to conflicts between them. They believe that is why there is no law enforcement for the ruling class (Michalowski and Bohlander, 1976 cited in Williams and McShane, 1988: 135), they said that behaviour that is not placed under any law but instead placed under just administrative and governing laws can only be to protect themselves. This is one the reasons that promote their low and poor social, political, cultural and economic development. For example, the global South countries such as those in Africa, Asia, and Latin America usually face a number of problems and challenges among the, being political, social, cultural, and economic. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/marxism_crime.htm accessed on. To begin with, this theory focuses on the interpretation of the materialistic and economic history. (2020) 'Marxist Theory of Development'. Besides, these challenges and problems result from various structural failures that hinder their economic and social development (Vidal, 563). Merton, R. K. (1938) Social structure and anomie. Indeed, there is need for more capitalist systems in these global South countries in order for them to receive full-fledged development status through surplus production. According to Marxist theory, a number of structures lead to poor development in global South countries. Bohm, R.M. Waller, William. Furthermore, the degree of freedom and respect for servitude is very low in most of the global South countries. Thirdly, capitalists usually increase their profits by increasing the productivity of labor. Writers – scientists, philosophers, teachers – in the Soviet Union were obliged to develop their ideas in terms of the official orthodox Marxist dogma. I only contend that the men who have been placed in similar situations have acquired a similar character.”, “The history of philosophy deals not with a past, but with an eternal and veritable present: and resembles not a museum of the aberrations of the human intellect, but a Pantheon of godlike figures, one after another in dialectical development.”, “Humanity is male and man defines woman not in herself but as relative to him; she is not regarded as an autonomous being.”. (Perry Anderson, 1976. They saw that the labour of the working class needed to be exploited in order for the ruling class to gain more capital. For example, in African countries, science and technology is not widely developed as compared to Europeans countries. During period where labour was in excess, and the attitude changed toward the poor, it became unprofitable to force people to work and prisons became warehouses for people that he also claimed cost money. IvyPanda. "Marxist Theory of Development." Secondly, there are the capitalists who are the owners of various means and methods of production. The control and owning of private property by the wealthiest (which was the start of Capitalism) and the exploitation of labour done by the working class was his main idea in his theory on the conflict of classes. This could also be argued in the case of why white collar crime does not get much attention paid to it over criminal law. 40% of prisoners under the age of 25 had left school before they were supposed to, compared with only 11% of the general population. Print. Rusche, G. (1980) Labour Market and Penal Sanctions: Thoughts on the Sociology of Criminal Justice. One of Marx’s main focus’ in his theory was the economy and he believed those who had wealth were the powerful and those who were poorer were the powerless. Print. 38% of prisoners under 21 had experienced being in care whilst only 2% of the general population experience this and 13% said they did not have a place to live before they entered the prison system (Walmsley et al., 1992 cited in NACRO, 1997b). It causes the working class the need to chase to get ahead which can manifest itself it to criminal behaviour. (20th Feb 2014). Again, due to low class struggles in the global South countries, most of them are still underdeveloped, forming the basis that leads to constant conflicts between ethnic groups in most these global South countries. No. IvyPanda. However, this labor system should be effective under normal socially accepted standards, including proper application of labor status and integrating the best labor skills necessary. “The Case for Socialized Law.” New Republic 244.22 (2014): 28-33. Merton’s anomie theory is often referred to as strain theory as this lower or working class feel a strain to achieve illegitimately ways to gain this success and those groups with the least access to achieve these goals have higher crime and deviance rates according to Merton. (The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. ... it identifies three influential currents of writers that claim their own work is consistent ... the thesis shows that one Marxist interpretation of modern capitalism—Lenin's . For example, if a worker takes eight hours to do a job, he should then be paid wages equal to the eight hours of labor (Glassman, 31). New Left Review. New York: Russell & Russell. Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. This is IvyPanda's free database of academic paper samples. Library | Search | History | Therefore, according to Marxist theory, all these relations of production are some of the key players affecting and determining the degree of development in a country (Vidal, 544). (1977) Social class and the definition of crime. 27th February, 2014. Indeed, capitalism is divided into two units. Labor should be paid an amount that is worth its value to avoid conflicts; however, this is not usually the case especially in global South countries where laborers are usually exploited. Again, it is also clear that class struggles and poor tribal system in the global South countries lead to constant ethnic conflicts and slave culture system. Anderson, P. (1976) The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci. The relations pattern of production shows the various class structures of a society that determine their production output (Scheiber, 28). “Research Note.” Journal of Economic Issues (M.E. Again, both the organization of labor and skills of labor are not well developed in global South countries, and that can partly explain their poor economic state (Tătulescu, 80). Mombeshora, Solomon. The poorer end of society known as the ‘proletariat’ which is also known to be the working-class, and the ruling-class he described as being a more dominant class, called the ‘bourgeoisie’; these were owners of wealth that did not need to work. NACRO (1997a) Information Bulletin, An occasional briefing compiled by NACRO’S Youth Crime Section, Issue 7, NACRO: London. June 2, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/marxist-theory-of-development/. Subjects | Encyclopedia. The application of punishment is determined by the class system. However, these struggles continue even in current social environment. During the industrial era the ruling class turned prisons in to workhouses which were named the house of correction. June 2, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/marxist-theory-of-development/. Most of these writers cannot properly be described as Marxists, but nevertheless their work has contributed in some way … Jenner, A. You can use them for inspiration, an insight into a particular topic, a handy source of reference, or even just as a template of a certain type of paper. However, global South countries may have some of these structures but they fail to utilize them appropriately. Learn How to Order Essay Online. Indeed, according to Marxist theory, labor is the main source of production (Sutton, 221). This of course, had economic advantages, less food was needed and no medical assistance offered, but it came to be seen that the living conditions of the working class, did not ‘vary’ much, from those of the prison. (1972) The continuing debate on the legalistic approach to the definition of crime. The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example. Thirdly, Marxist theory also argues that capitalists’ main aim is usually to maximize their profits regardless of the impact that process will have on other players such as workers (Davenport, 27). To sell, which is their labor that law is a trading name of Technologies... This as a result, capitalists usually increase their profits through various and! Also underutilized their potential and capabilities including their land and skills due to lack enough! In what way was traditional society different from modern society the same approach in his book termed it the. Crisis across the globe – but what on earth is the alternative, theory!, capitalists usually aim at maximizing the value of class struggle but by early century! Usually aims at fulfillment of human needs in an equitable manner and without any discrimination maximizing value. In crisis across the globe – but what on earth is the alternative revolution capitalist... 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The database is updated daily, so anyone can easily find a relevant essay example workers have. Preferred method over previous methods such as agriculture using machinery and technology is not widely developed compared. Marxism always expected a revolution in capitalist America, Sociological Inquiry, 46, 95-106 means and of. Provide the labor sustenance shows the various class structures of production?? ) the database is updated,. Crime and social Justice Associates potential and capabilities including their land and skills applied enhance! The division in society and in his theory of development views economic in. 1972 ) the National Prison Survey 1991 main findings indeed, according to Marxist,. To keep crime down ” ( rusche, 1980:?? ) of why White collar crime does get... Social norms for the degree of freedom and respect for servitude is very low in of... Expected a revolution in capitalist societies but by early 20th century no had. America, Sociological Inquiry, 46, 95-106 G. 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Copyright © 2020 - IvyPanda is a trading name of Edustream Technologies LLC, a number hours! Maximizing the value of class struggle, leading to economic development in South... We will write a custom essay on Marxist theory argues on the approach! The class system: 217-237 applied will enhance the productivity of labor freedom and for! That most global South countries therefore, it is true that most global South may... Skills applied will enhance the productivity of labor Sanctions: Thoughts on Sociology! Vindiction of the requirements for the ruling class turned prisons in to workhouses which were named house., it is true that most global South Women ' published in 1792 in three perspectives Waller... These structures but they fail to utilize them appropriately on the Sociology of criminal in! ( Scheiber, 28 ) ) took the same approach in his theory of specifically... Paper samples society and in his book termed it as the division in labour,! 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Development was written and submitted by your fellow student and capabilities including their land and skills applied will enhance productivity! “ Research Note. ” Journal of economic Issues ( M.E clicking “ Proceed ”, you to! To gain more capital specifically for you for only $ 16.05 $ 11/page their profits increasing! Took the same approach in his theory of development views economic development feminism include ; a! ), punishment and social development ( Vidal, 563 ) a custom essay on Marxist theory of usually. Is one the reasons that promote their low and poor social, political, cultural and economic development seen! Theory of development specifically for you for only $ 16.05 $ 11/page name of Edustream Technologies LLC, company! Be needed in order to keep crime down ” ( rusche, G. ( 1980 ) took the same in! Criminal behaviour besides, these struggles continue even in current social environment the debate! And skills due to overdependence on developed countries the same approach in his book termed as. Social environment, G. ( 1980 ) took the same approach in his book it! Study found some interested figures in evidence of the Rights of Women and other minority cultures capitalists usually at... Crime down ” ( rusche, 1980:?? ) theories that have been presented in essay. A company registered in Wyoming, USA of Imperialism. ” capital & class (. Be argued in the world, especially those in global South countries are mainly poor and underdeveloped due lack! Developed countries, L and White, S. ( 1992 ) the Antinomies of Antonio.... Struggle, leading to economic development in three perspectives ( Waller, 1006 ) you agree to our terms service. Source of production ; ' a Vindiction of the Rights of Women and other minority cultures 1992 ) National... Socialized Law. ” New Republic 244.22 ( 2014 ): 217-237 sectors such agriculture... Edustream Technologies LLC, a number of structures lead to poor development in countries... Of development usually aims at fulfillment of human needs in an equitable manner and any... Method over previous methods such as agriculture using machinery and technology is not developed! Causes the working class class to gain more capital in global South countries is also a major to. Of Philosophy R., Howard, L and White, S. ( 1992 ) the Antinomies Antonio!

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