writing anxiety disorder dissertation

... Dissertation Writing Service. Implications for CBT based on components attentional bias. These and other procrastinating ABDs make the common mistake of attempting to cope with dissertation anxiety through procrastination. But I’ve worked with many clients who’ve had to deal with the specific and fearsome monster of writing anxiety. *You can also browse our support articles here >, Koster, Crombez, Vershuere, and De Houwer, 2004. DMCA / Removal Request. In the unmasked Stroop task, the stimulus is displayed until the participant gives an answer. The existence of attentional biases in anxiety disorders. Williams and colleagues’ (1988) model, for example, posits that the threat value of an incoming stimulus is determined by an affective decision mechanism, while Mogg and Bradley’s (1998) model suggests that a valence evaluation system preconsciously appraises incoming stimuli. Anxiety Medical Thesis Writing Service & Anxiety Medical Dissertations Help Anxiety Dissertation Help Information Anxiety conditions are various. Next, it describes two specific areas which research has focused on to gain a better understanding of the relationship between attentional biases and anxiety. One such mechanism is attentional bias to threat, which involves the selective allocation of attention towards emotionally threatening stimuli in the environment relative to neutral or positive stimuli (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986; Mogg & Bradley, 1998; Van Bockstaele et al., 2014). However, several meta-analyses examining the effectiveness of ABM treatment found small-to-medium effect sizes for anxiety reduction (e.g. Once you can do this properly, you will not have to worry about your paper at all. It is extremely important that clinicians are aware of these components so that they can tailor treatment in accordance with the client’s presenting problem and their attentional tendencies (i.e. Furthermore, Reinecke, Waldenmaier, Cooper, and Harmer (2013) observed a rapid decrease in attentional bias among individuals with panic disorder following a single session of exposure therapy, and this post-treatment change in attentional bias predicted further decreases in symptoms four weeks later. CBT teaches individuals a range of cognitive and behavioural strategies with the aim of engendering therapeutic change. This type of condition is a major psychological disease. Participants are asked to identify the colour of the word as quickly as possible, while ignoring the semantic content or meaning of the word. Following rigorous empirical investigation, several theoretical models were put forward in recent decades, all of which attempt to explain the relationship between attentional biases and anxiety. Schmidt, Richey, Buckner, and Timpano, 2009). Dissertation Proposal Writing Service. Anxiety disorder being among the unique aspect affecting human life has many hypotheses that try to explain about its nature and origin. Ten of the 13 studies reviewed demonstrated that attentional bias to threat was significantly reduced following CBT across OCD, GAD, spider phobia, and social phobia. Several studies have revealed attentional bias for masked threat words among anxious individuals (e.g. Delayed disengagement from threat, which typically follows facilitated attention to threat, describes the extent to which a threatening stimulus retains attention and impedes one’s ability to direct attention away from the threat to another stimulus (Cisler & Koster, 2010). 9th Dec 2019 This essay primarily focuses on the findings from studies using the modified Stroop and dot probe tasks. Amir, Beard, Burns, and Bomyea, 2009; Hazen, Vasey, & Schmidt) and social anxiety (e.g. ABM treatment for anxiety, which is based on empirical findings and theoretical models of attentional bias in anxiety, applies computer-based training methods to implicitly manipulate attentional biases to reduce anxiety (Bar-Haim, 2010). Components of attentional bias in anxiety disorders. Beck and Clark’s (1997) information processing model of anxiety, for example, suggests that when an incoming stimulus has been appraised as threatening, a primal threat mode is activated whereby attention automatically orients towards the threat. GAD creates difficulty in 3 realms: cognitive, physical and emotional. Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Beck & Clark., 1997; Eysenck et al., 2007; Matthews & Mackintosh., 1998; Mogg & Bradley, 1998; Öhman, 1996; Williams et al., 1988). In social anxiety disorder, for example, self-focused attention prohibits clients from focusing on external information in their surroundings which might invalidate their beliefs about being negatively evaluated during or after social interactions. The researchers found that both anxiety symptomology and attentional bias were reduced post-intervention. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your All Answers purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. Cognitive models of anxiety disorders emphasise the role of cognitive distortions in the maintenance of the problem. Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Beck & Clark, 1997; Eysenck et al., 2007). Such cognitive distortions include catastrophic misinterpretations in panic disorder (Clark, 1986) and metacognitive beliefs in GAD (Wells, 1997). Importantly, most theoretical models assume that attentional biases operate across both automatic and strategic stages of processing (e.g. Karademas, Christopoulou, Dimostheni, & Pavlu, 2008; Witthöft, Rist, & Bailer, 2008), Social Anxiety (e.g. The general understanding of this Stroop effect is that the threatening content of the word captures attention resulting in less attentional capacity for identifying and naming the colour of the word (van Bockstaele et al., 2014). These cognitive distortions, combined with the disorder specificity of attentional biases, suggest that thought processing and attentional processing are interlinked (Mobini & Grant, 2007). Social Anxiety Disorder People all around the world have many fears about different things. The following section provides an overview of some of experimental methods employed to assess attentional biases in anxiety. Difficulty disengaging from threat is a second attentional component considered by several models (e.g. It is expected that responding will be faster when attention is already focused on the spatial location where the probe appears. The main focus of this disorder is excessive worry. Writer’s anxiety: Feelings of tension, worried thoughts, and physical changes like increased blood pressure when faced with a writing task. This allows individuals to modify negative automatic thoughts and danger schemas, which may in turn reduce or eliminate strategic attentional biases (Mobini & Grant, 2007). 17 ms) and rapid replacement of the target stimulus with a backwards mask (e.g. “kill”) or picture while the other is an emotionally neutral word (e.g. Our "Anxiety Disorder" researchers are highly-educated specialists with impeccable research and writing skills who have vast experience in preparing doctoral-level research materials. Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Beck & Clark, 1997; Öhman, 1996; Matthews and Mackintosh, 1998). One stimulus is a threatening word (e.g. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this dissertation and no longer wish to have your work published on the UKDiss.com website then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! A second area of investigation is the underlying components of attentional bias in anxiety (Cisler, Bacon, & Williams, 2009; Fox, Russo, Bowles, & Dutton, 2001). Cognitive techniques, including Socratic questioning and cognitive restructuring help individuals to alter the content or process of thoughts, cognitive biases, and cognitive schemas, whereas behavioural techniques, such as behavioural activation and graded exposure, strive for changes in observable behaviour (Lorenzo-Luaces, Keefe, & DeRubeis, 2016). In line with the view that attentional bias to threat reflects strategic and voluntary processing, cognitive therapy techniques and verbally-mediated interventions may be more effective in targeting attentional biases (Mobini & Grant, 2007). Cognitive therapy techniques, such as cognitive restructuring, help individuals to identify and challenge threat-related misinterpretations, and to separate feelings of threat from actual threat. The purpose of this assignment is to examine how anxiety disorders are portrayed in the popular media (movies, TV shows, news stories, etc.). Stroop studies have been relatively consistent in demonstrating attentional biases towards threat in clinically and non-clinically anxious populations (for reviews, see Bar-Haim et al., 2007; Mogg & Bradley, 1998; Williams, Mathews, & MacLeod, 1996). Since 2002, we've written hundreds of doctoral-level thesis papers and dissertations for research—24 hours a day, 7 days a week—on incredibly intricate topics. From £124. Chen, Ehlers, Clark, and Mansell, 2002). “chair”) or picture. Topics and Titles Writing Service. Thorpe & Salkovskis, 1997). Foa and Kozak (1986) explain that exposure therapy encourages anxious individuals to fully engage with the feared situation without resistance or avoidance while allowing themselves to experience the consequent anxiety and fear. These feelings may not be pervasive in a person’s writing life. teju23 4495250_1135693478_PSYC-203.AnxietydisordersinMed.docxHome >Psychology homework help >Anxiety Disorders in the Media. Attentional mechanisms are therefore crucial in enabling individuals to prioritise and select important information and discard irrelevant or unwanted material (Barry, Vervliet, & Hermans, 2015; Kastner & Pinsk, 2004). There are anxiety disorders in my own family, although I’ve been lucky enough to escape that particular hammer. However, others have argued that attentional bias reflect strategic information processing based on unmasked Stroop findings (e.g. Yes, it’s a real thing. In terms of information processing, dot probe studies have provided evidence that attentional biases involve both automatic and strategic processing (e.g. Beck and Clark (1997) theorise that when attention is directed towards threat, threat-relevant schema capture and maintain attention. In dissertators, as in others, anxiety symptoms get triggered by various things—fear of failure, fear of success, perfectionism, unrealistic standards, and so on. For this assignment you must find a TV character, Movie character, or a person described as suffering from a particular Anxiety disorder written about in a newspaper article. ABM typically uses the dot probe task to systematically train participants to avoid threatening stimuli by directing their attention, without their knowledge, to neutral or positive stimuli (Cristea, Kok, & Cuijpers, 2015). Theoretical models advocating automatic attentional biases theorise that facilitated attention towards threat is a key component of the phenomenon (e.g. Bardeen, Fergus, & Orcutt, 2013; Pineles, Shipherd, Mostoufi, Abramovitz, & Yovel, 2009; Foa, Feske, Murdock, Kozak, & McCarthy, 1991). Automatic processing refers to processing that does not require cognitive capacity or awareness and is involuntary, effortless, and unintentional in nature (McNally, 1995; Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). Facilitated attention towards threat refers to the rapid and effortless allocation of attention towards pertinent and potentially threatening stimuli in the environment (Cisler & Koster, 2010; Eysenck, Derakshan, Santos, & Calvo, 2007). There is a need to better understand the opposing theoretical stances on the relationship between attentional biases and anxiety because each offer differing implications for the psychological treatment of anxiety disorders. Eysenck et al., 2007; Mogg & Bradley, 1998; Williams et al., 1988). 3. Kroeze & van de Hout, 2000; Lim and Kim, 2005; Teachman, Smith-Janik, & Saporito, 2007), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (e.g. Both stimuli disappear after 500ms and a dot probe immediately appears in one of the two locations previously occupied by the stimuli. Registered Data Controller No: Z1821391. These relatively small effect sizes suggest that possible factors which could improve therapeutic effects of ABM need to be considered further (Pergamin-Hight, Naim, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van Ijzendoorn, & Bar-haim, 2015). For example, you might feel perfectly fine writing a biology lab report but apprehensive about writing a paper on a novel. Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield. Attention-biased modification as an adjunct to CBT. Some research has found that biased attention towards threat can emerge in the early stages of development, with infants as young as 7- and 8-months-old displaying biased attention towards threatening information (LoBue & DeLoache, 2010; Peltola, Leppänen, Palokangas, & Hietanen, 2008). In contrast, strategic processing is effortful and intentional, it requires cognitive awareness and conscious attention, and is dependent on voluntary control (McNally, 1995; Shiffrin & Schneider, 1977). In the dot probe task (MacLeod at al., 1986), two stimuli appear briefly at different spatial locations on a computer screen. ‘xxxx’) in the same colour. Nevertheless, automatic attentional biases appear to be more responsive to behavioural interventions, whereas strategic attentional biases seem to be more responsive to cognitive interventions. Components of attentional bias in anxiety disorders. Mathew, Mogg, Kentish, and Eysenck (1995), for example, investigated the effectiveness of a 7-session anxiety management training course in reducing anxiety symptomology and attentional bias among individuals with GAD. Following extensive empirical investigation, it is now widely accepted that anxious individuals exhibit biased attention towards threatening sources of information compared to neutral information, a pattern which is detected to a lesser degree among non-anxious individuals (Bar-Haim, Lamy, Pergamin, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2007; Mogg & Bradley, 1998). According to this model, anxiety is characterised by a consciously perceived threat to self-perseverance and one’s current goals which leads to deliberate monitoring of threat. People with GAD worry excessively about activities and situations that revolve around everyday life, such as family, money, health, and work. The meaning of this provision is to scrutinize how eagerness empiricisms are portrayed in the received media (movies, TV appearances, … Due to the confines of our perceptual systems, it is impossible to consciously process all incoming information concurrently and only a limited portion of stimuli is attended to at any one time (Kastner & Pinsk, 2004). 2. Tobon and colleagues’ (2011) systematically reviewed 13 studies which measured the effects of CBT for anxiety on attentional bias and their findings highlight the effectives of CBT in reducing attentional biases. Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders in the Media. Irrespective of the discrepancies, the above experimental paradigms, as well as the visual search and dot probe tasks, have produced findings which suggest that attentional biases in anxiety operate at both automatic and strategic stages of information processing and they are comprised of several observable components, including; facilitated attention towards threat, delayed disengagement from threat, and attentional avoidance of threat. There are a number of anxiety disorders that give people a hard time. More specifically, research has sought to determine whether attentional biases in anxiety disorders reflect facilitated attention towards threat, delayed disengagement from threat, attentional avoidance of threat, or a combination of these components. Research investigating the observable components of attentional bias (facilitated attention, delayed disengagement, and attentional avoidance) also offer important implications for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Attentional bias to threat is assumed when participants’ responses are slower or less accurate when naming the colour of a threatening word compared to a nonthreatening word. In the masked Stroop task, conscious recognition of the word is blocked by brief presentation (e.g. Bradley, Mogg, White, Groom, & de Bono, 1999) and social phobia (Pishyar, Harris, & Menzies, 2004). We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. The researchers suggest that ABM treatment efficacy may be enhanced by using stimuli that are congruent with the content of the anxiety disorder being targeted as it results in stronger activation of underlying neuro-cognitive mechanisms. Schechner et al., (2014) found that augmenting CBT and ABM treatment resulted in better treatment outcomes compared to CBT alone. Many years ago, a Greek philosopher called Hippocrates (c. 460 – c. 370 BC) described some of the fears that people had in ancient times: such as diseases, natural disasters, and bugs. Instead, they propose that the phenomenon plays a causal role in the aetiology and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Beck, Emery, & Greenberg, 1985; Mathews, 1990; Mathews & MacLeod, 2002; Williams, Watts, MacLeod & Mathews, 1988). Mogg, Bradley, Williams, 1995). Several studies have provided evidence that behavioural therapy alone can have a positive therapeutic effect on attentional biases among individuals with various anxiety disorders. Some studies using the dot probe have indicated delayed disengagement from threat (e.g. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NursingAnswers.net. Social Anxiety Disorder which is also known as Social Phobia was first introduced in the DSM and modifications on the diagnostic criteria, prevalence and other disorder-related descriptions have been made in the DSM-5(Hofmann & Otto, 2017). GAD creates difficulty in 3 realms: cognitive, physical and emotional. This makes them an important subject of study in the fields of psychology and psychiatry. In contrast, Barry and colleagues (2015) advise the opposite and suggest that training attention toward or away from threat can in fact facilitate clinical improvement. However, due to the inconsistencies across empirical findings and theoretical models the recommendations for clinical practice must be made cautiously. In terms of the observable components of attentional bias, clinicians should carefully consider the attentional patterns of clients prior to treatment so that the intervention can be tailored in accordance with cognitive profile and presenting problem of the client. In recognising the potential benefits of attentional training, Attention Bias Modification (ABM) treatment is considered below. Indeed, Bar-Haim and colleagues (2007) concluded, based on their meta-analysis of 172 studies, that attentional bias towards threat is prevalent across all anxiety disorders, is observed in children, adults, and older adults, and is displayed by both clinically and non-clinically anxious individuals. Moreover, Algom, Chajut, and Lev (2004) proposed that the processing of fear-related words is likely to increase state anxiety (anxiety experienced in the moment) which would expectedly stall reaction times. This response pattern may result from facilitated attention to threat or delayed disengaged from threat (Bar-Haim et al., 2007), whereas slower responses to probes presented in the location of the emotionally neutral stimulus may indicate attentional avoidance (Mogg & Bradley, 2016). These include the modified Stroop task (Stroop, 1935), dot probe task (MacLeod et al., 1986), visual search task (Öhman, et al., 2001), and spatial cueing task (Fox, et al., 2001; Posner, 1980). Therefore, a combination of behavioural and cognitive therapeutic strategies (i.e. This is not an example of the work produced by our Dissertation Writing Service. It is hoped that this research will contribute to the growing body of knowledge concerning the link between general anxiety disorder and social media usage. The treatment is based on the hypothesis that individuals can only completely attend to one stimuli or thought at any given time (Mobini & Grant, 2007). ABM aims to target automatic attentional processes that have been considered unresponsive to explicit cognitive interventions (Bar-haim, 2010). Go to Google Scholar and you’ll get more than 2 million hits from peer-reviewed journals. Threat-related biases in attention have predominantly been portrayed as negative in the literature and something which needs eradicating to reduce anxiety. Company Registration No: 4964706. Lastly, the essay concludes that there is satisfactory evidence to suggest that research findings on attentional biases do have implications for CBT for anxiety disorders, however further research is warranted. CBT) would help target both voluntary and involuntary attentional biases leading to even greater reductions in anxiety. Finally, the specific components and mechanisms underlying attentional bias require additional examination to further develop and improve CBT and ABM treatment for anxiety disorders. Mobini and Grant (2007) explain that such behavioural techniques support anxious individuals to develop and exercise mastery over their attentional processing. Beard, Sawyer, & Hofmann, 2012; Hakamata et al., 2010; Mogoase, David, & Koster, 2014). students so I don't really fall into the normal age range or education qualification category You might associate the idea of writing anxiety or writer’s block with procrastination, and procrastination certainly can be either a cause or an effect of writing anxiety. Several dot probe studies have revealed facilitated attention towards threat across several anxiety disorders, including; GAD (e.g. towards or away from threat). According to Cisler and colleagues (2009), the Stroop task does accurately assess facilitated attention or difficulty disengaging but it can be used to measure automatic or strategic processing during attention. Cognitive is when the individual catastrophizes things, fearing unfavorable […] One key challenge is the extent of theoretical disagreement in terms of the components and mechanisms underlying the phenomenon. Behavioural interventions, such as graded exposure and anxiety management training, are likely to be more effective because of their ability to alter fear structures by reducing, and possibly eliminating, maladaptive fear-related associative links and establishing and enhancing new, more adaptive associations (Foa & Kozak, 1986 Tobon, Ouimet, & Dozois, 2011). Koster et al., 2004; Salemink, van den Hout, & Kindt, 2007), while others have suggested attentional avoidance (e.g. With such robust evidence demonstrating the existence of attentional biases in anxiety disorders, researchers hypothesised that such biases may contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders (Mobini & Grant, 2007). It is therefore imperative to critically review the research findings on attentional biases in anxiety disorders and corresponding theoretical models as both offer valuable recommendations for how psychological treatments, such as Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), can be successfully delivered and enhanced for individuals with anxiety. Fourthly, the essay outlines associated theoretical models of attentional biases in anxiety which aim to explain how and why attentional biases operate in anxiety. Writing A Thesis About Anxiety Disorders: Great Ideas From An Expert. The main focus of this disorder is excessive worry. Hence, an automatic attentional bias can be eliminated if the neutral stimulus is presented without the unconditioned reinforcement (Mobini & Grant, 2007). Several experimental paradigms have been devised to measure attentional bias to threat in anxiety but also to examine its underlying components and mechanisms. One advantage of the dot probe task over the Stroop task is that it measures biased spatial allocation of attention when individuals are asked to make instant responses to threatening stimuli (Iijima, Takano, & Tanno, 2017). The hypothesis outlined above shifted the focus of research more towards understanding how and why attentional biases occur in anxiety and investigating the mechanisms and components underlying the phenomenon which might contribute to the development and maintenance of anxiety. As we interact with the world around us, we are presented with immeasurable amounts of visual information from one moment to the next (Boal, Christensen, & Goodhew, 2018). This description is going to present some of the theories, that scientist put forth while trying to account for this unique issue affecting human life. Although separating automatic and strategic biases has been helpful conceptually, much of the empirical data and theoretical accounts discussed suggest that attentional biases can be both automatic and strategic as opposed to one or the other. Such results suggest that ABM treatment may be a helpful adjunct to CBT in reducing attentional biases and symptoms of anxiety. Attentional bias to threat is assumed when participants respond more quickly to probes presented in the location of this threatening stimulus. Implications for Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. CBT is recognised as the gold standard in the psychotherapeutic treatment of anxiety disorders (Otte, 2011) and is recommended by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence for the treatment of various anxiety disorders, including Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder (NICE, 2011), Social Anxiety Disorder (NICE, 2013), and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (NICE, 2005), in primary, secondary, and community care settings. People with GAD worry excessively about activities and situations that revolve around everyday life, such as family, money, health, and work. These models suggest that incoming stimuli are automatically processed by some form of threat detection mechanism which directs attention towards threatening stimuli. Thirdly, an overview of some of the methods of assessing attentional bias and relevant findings are provided. 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